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Geopolitics

Geopolitics

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International relations theory

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Geopolitics (from Greek γῆ "earth, land" and πολιτική "politics") is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.[1][2] While geopolitics usually refers to countries and relations between them, it may also focus on two other kinds of states: independent states with limited international recognition and relations between sub-national geopolitical entities, such as the federated states that make up a federation, confederation, or a quasi-federal system.

At the level of international relations, geopolitics is a method of studying foreign policy to understand, explain, and predict international political behavior through geographical variables. These include area studies, climate, topography, demography, natural resources, and applied science of the region being evaluated.[3]

Geopolitics focuses on political power linked to geographic space. In particular, territorial waters and land territory in correlation with diplomatic history. Topics of geopolitics include relations between the interests of international political actors focused within an area, a space, or a geographical element, relations which create a geopolitical system.[4] Critical geopolitics deconstructs classical geopolitical theories, by showing their political/ideological functions for great powers.[5] There are some works that discuss the geopolitics of renewable energy.[6][7]

According to Christopher Gogwilt and other researchers, the term is currently being used to describe a broad spectrum of concepts, in a general sense used as "a synonym for international political relations", but more specifically "to imply the global structure of such relations"; this usage builds on an "early-twentieth-century term for a pseudoscience of political geography" and other pseudoscientific theories of historical and geographic determinism.[8][9][10][2]

United States[edit]

Alfred Thayer Mahan and sea power[edit]

Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914) was a frequent commentator on world naval strategic and diplomatic affairs. Mahan believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea—and particularly with its commercial use in peace and its control in war. Mahan's theoretical framework came from Antoine-Henri Jomini, and emphasized that strategic locations (such as choke points, canals, and coaling stations), as well as quantifiable levels of fighting power in a fleet, were conducive to control over the sea. He proposed six conditions required for a nation to have sea power:

Advantageous geographical position;

Serviceable coastlines, abundant natural resources, and favorable climate;

Extent of territory

Population large enough to defend its territory;

Society with an aptitude for the sea and commercial enterprise; and

Government with the influence and inclination to dominate the sea.[11]

Mahan distinguished a key region of the world in the Eurasian context, namely, the Central Zone of Asia lying between 30° and 40° north and stretching from Asia Minor to Japan.[12] In this zone independent countries still survived – Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, China, and Japan. Mahan regarded those countries, located between Britain and Russia, as if between "Scylla and Charybdis". Of the two monsters – Britain and Russia – it was the latter that Mahan considered more threatening to the fate of Central Asia. Mahan was impressed by Russia's transcontinental size and strategically favorable position for southward expansion. Therefore, he found it necessary for the Anglo-Saxon "sea power" to resist Russia.[13]

Homer Lea[edit]

Homer Lea, in (1912), asserted that the entire Anglo-Saxon race faced a threat from German (Teuton), Russian (Slav), and Japanese expansionism: The "fatal" relationship of Russia, Japan, and Germany "has now assumed through the urgency of natural forces a coalition directed against the survival of Saxon supremacy." It is "a dreadful Dreibund".[14] Lea believed that while Japan moved against Far East and Russia against India, the Germans would strike at England, the center of the British Empire. He thought the Anglo-Saxons faced certain disaster from their militant opponents.

Kissinger, Brzezinski, and the Grand Chessboard[edit]

World map with the concepts of Heartland and Rimland applied

Two famous security advisors from the Cold War period, Henry Kissinger and Zbigniew Brzezinski, argued to continue the United States geopolitical focus on Eurasia and, particularly on Russia, despite the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. Both continued their influence on geopolitics after the end of the Cold War,[5] writing books on the subject in the 1990s— and .[15] The Anglo-American classical geopolitical theories were revived.

সূত্র : en.wikipedia.org

geo politics গ্রন্থের রচয়িতা কে

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geo politics গ্রন্থের রচয়িতা কে

geo politics গ্রন্থের রচয়িতা কে হুবহু এই প্রশ্নের উত্তরটি আমরা সংগ্রহ করতে পারি তবে পলিটিক্স গ্রন্থের রচিয়তা কে এই প্রশ্নের উত্তরটি আমরা সংগ্রহ করতে পেরেছি উত্তরটি আমরা তুলে ধরছি আর্টিকেল দ্বিতীয় অংশে। Gazivai.com এ মোটা ও লম্বা হওয়ার ঔষধ মাত্র ২২০ টাকা থেকে শুরু ঔষধ কিনতে ক্লিক করুন - এখনই ঔষধ কিনুন

geo politics গ্রন্থের রচয়িতা কে

Politics' গ্রন্থের রচয়িতা - অ্যারিস্টটল,

জি ই ও পলিটিক্স গ্রন্থের রচিয়তা কে এই প্রশ্নের উত্তরটি হুবহু আমরা সংগ্রহ করতে পারেনি তবে শুধুমাত্র পলিটিক্স গ্রন্থের রচিয়তা সম্পর্কে প্রশ্নের উত্তরটি আর্টিকেলের দ্বিতীয় অংশ দেয়া রয়েছে আর্টিকেলটি সম্পর্কে আপনার যাবতীয় প্রশ্ন বা জিজ্ঞাসা থাকলে সেটি আমাদেরকে কমেন্টে লিখে জানাতে পারেন।

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Karl Haushofer

geopolitics, analysis of the geographic influences on power relationships in international relations. The word geopolitics was originally coined by the Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellén about the turn of the 20th century, and its use spread throughout Europe in the period between World Wars I and II (1918–39) and came into worldwide use during the latter. In contemporary discourse, geopolitics has been widely employed as a loose synonym for international politics. Arguments about the political effects of geography—particularly climate, topography, arable land, and access to the sea—have appeared in Western political thought since at least the ancient Greek era and

Karl Haushofer

German officer and political geographer

Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Mar 9, 2023 • Article History

Karl Haushofer See all media

Born: August 27, 1869 Munich Bavaria

Died: March 13, 1946 (aged 76) (Anniversary in 3 days)

Subjects Of Study: geopolitics

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Karl Haushofer, (born Aug. 27, 1869, Munich, Bavaria [Germany]—died March 13, 1946, Pähl, W.Ger.), German army officer, political geographer, and leading proponent of geopolitics, an academic discipline prominent in the period between the two World Wars but later in disrepute because of its identification with Nazi doctrines of world domination.

During his stay as an army officer in Japan (1908–10), Haushofer studied that nation’s expansionist policies in Asia; several of his books, including his most ambitious study in political geography, Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans (1924; “Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean”), dealt with Japan’s role in 20th-century politics. Retiring from the army in 1919 with the rank of major general, he dedicated himself to the regeneration of Germany. He founded (1924), and was editor of and principal contributor to, the Zeitschrift für Geopolitik (“Journal for Geopolitics”) and directed the Institute of Geopolitics at the University of Munich. A mixture of sound observations and hazy theories, geopolitics was based on the works of the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel, who compared the state to a biological organism, and on the less-scientific theories of the Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellen, who took Ratzel’s metaphor literally and viewed the state as an actual organism with a natural right to growth and to Lebensraum (“living space”).

Haushofer’s influence in military circles was considerable. As a disciple of the “heartland” theory of Sir Halford J. Mackinder, he stressed Germany’s need to join forces with Russia until he was silenced by Germany’s attack on the Soviet Union in 1941. Throughout World War II he attempted to justify Germany and Japan in their drives for world power, although his marriage to a woman of Jewish extraction probably made this task increasingly distasteful. In 1945 his son Albrecht, professor of geopolitics at the University of Berlin and active in the underground against Adolf Hitler, was executed by the Gestapo. After Germany’s defeat, when Haushofer was investigated for alleged war crimes, he and his wife committed suicide.

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